Quote[/b] (The Artful Shrimper @ Mar. 11 2005,15:49)]A quick brief Risk assement...and do I win the Matt the Shrimp award for the longest Post ? :-)
Risk Assesment for Cigarette Smoking in Roots Hall.
Foreward.
With respect that the conditions of patrons at Roots Hall are that they are only allowed to remain at their fixed allocated seating it is to be considered wether the club are liable for any hazards resulting from people smoking nearby.
ADDITIVES Of CIGARETTES.
(because of the varities of cigarettes not all the additives below will be present in any one cigarette, however any or fthese additives will be found in cigarettes.)
• Acetanisole
• Acetic Acid
• Acetoin
• Acetophenone
• 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane
• 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine
• 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran
• Acetylpyrazine
• 2-Acetylpyridine
• 3-Acetylpyridine
• 2-Acetylthiazole
• Aconitic Acid
• dl-Alanine
• Alfalfa Extract
• Allspice Extract,Oleoresin, and Oil
• Allyl Hexanoate
• Allyl Ionone
• Almond Bitter Oil
• Ambergris Tincture
• Ammonia
• Ammonium Bicarbonate
• Ammonium Hydroxide
• Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic
• Ammonium Sulfide
• Amyl Alcohol
• Amyl Butyrate
• Amyl Formate
• Amyl Octanoate
• alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde
• Amyris Oil
• trans-Anethole
• Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil
• Anise
• Anise Star, Extract and Oils
• Anisyl Acetate
• Anisyl Alcohol
• Anisyl Formate
• Anisyl Phenylacetate
• Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins
• Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate
• 1-Arginine
• Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil
• Ascorbic Acid
• 1-Asparagine Monohydrate
• 1-Aspartic Acid
• Balsam Peru and Oil
• Basil Oil
• Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil
• Beeswax White
• Beet Juice Concentrate
• Benzaldehyde
• Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal
• Benzoic Acid, Benzoin
• Benzoin Resin
• Benzophenone
• Benzyl Alcohol
• Benzyl Benzoate
• Benzyl Butyrate
• Benzyl Cinnamate
• Benzyl Propionate
• Benzyl Salicylate
• Bergamot Oil
• Bisabolene
• Black Currant Buds Absolute
• Borneol
• Bornyl Acetate
• Buchu Leaf Oil
• 1,3-Butanediol
• 2,3-Butanedione
• 1-Butanol
• 2-Butanone
• 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One
• Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil
• Butyl Acetate
• Butyl Butyrate
• Butyl Butyryl Lactate
• Butyl Isovalerate
• Butyl Phenylacetate
• Butyl Undecylenate
• 3-Butylidenephthalide
• Butyric Acid]
• Cadinene
• Caffeine
• Calcium Carbonate
• Camphene
• Cananga Oil
• Capsicum Oleoresin
• Caramel Color
• Caraway Oil
• Carbon Dioxide
• Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder
• Carob Bean and Extract
• beta-Carotene
• Carrot Oil
• Carvacrol
• 4-Carvomenthenol
• 1-Carvone
• beta-Caryophyllene
• beta-Caryophyllene Oxide
• Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract
• Cassia Bark Oil
• Cassie Absolute and Oil
• Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute
• Cedar Leaf Oil
• Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana
• Cedrol
• Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin
• Cellulose Fiber
• Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract
• Chicory Extract
• Chocolate
• Cinnamaldehyde
• Cinnamic Acid
• Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract
• Cinnamyl Acetate
• Cinnamyl Alcohol
• Cinnamyl Cinnamate
• Cinnamyl Isovalerate
• Cinnamyl Propionate
• Citral
• Citric Acid
• Citronella Oil
• dl-Citronellol
• Citronellyl Butyrate
• itronellyl Isobutyrate
• Civet Absolute
• Clary Oil
• Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract
• Cocoa
• Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder
• Coconut Oil
• Coffee
• Cognac White and Green Oil
• Copaiba Oil
• Coriander Extract and Oil
• Corn Oil
• Corn Silk
• Costus Root Oil
• Cubeb Oil
• Cuminaldehyde
• para-Cymene
• 1-Cysteine
• Dandelion Root Solid Extract
• Davana Oil
• 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal
• delta-Decalactone
• gamma-Decalactone
• Decanal
• Decanoic Acid
• 1-Decanol
• 2-Decenal
• Dehydromenthofurolactone
• Diethyl Malonate
• Diethyl Sebacate
• 2,3-Diethylpyrazine
• Dihydro Anethole
• 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine
• Dill Seed Oil and Extract
• meta-Dimethoxybenzene
• para-Dimethoxybenzene
• 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol
• Dimethyl Succinate
• 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2 Cyclopentanedione
• 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione
• 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene
• 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One
• 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One
• 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid
• 2,4 Dimethylacetophenone
• alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol
• alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate
• alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate
• 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine
• 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine
• 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine
• Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone
• delta-Dodecalactone
• gamma-Dodecalactone
• para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde
• Ethyl 10-Undecenoate
• Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate
• Ethyl Acetate
• Ethyl Acetoacetate
• Ethyl Alcohol
• Ethyl Benzoate
• Ethyl Butyrate
• Ethyl Cinnamate
• Ethyl Decanoate
• Ethyl Fenchol
• Ethyl Furoate
• Ethyl Heptanoate
• Ethyl Hexanoate
• Ethyl Isovalerate
• Ethyl Lactate
• Ethyl Laurate
• Ethyl Levulinate
• Ethyl Maltol
• Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate
• Ethyl Myristate
• Ethyl Nonanoate
• Ethyl Octadecanoate
• Ethyl Octanoate
• Ethyl Oleate
• Ethyl Palmitate
• Ethyl Phenylacetate
• Ethyl Propionate
• Ethyl Salicylate
• Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate
• Ethyl Valerate
• Ethyl Vanillin
• 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine
• 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One
• 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine
• 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone
• 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine
• 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde
• 4-Ethylguaiacol
• para-Ethylphenol
• 3-Ethylpyridine
• Eucalyptol
• Farnesol
• D-Fenchone
• Fennel Sweet Oil
• Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute
• Fig Juice Concentrate
• Food Starch Modified
• Furfuryl Mercaptan
• 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One
• Galbanum Oil
• Genet Absolute
• Gentian Root Extract
• Geraniol
• Geranium Rose Oil
• Geranyl Acetate
• Geranyl Butyrate
• Geranyl Formate
• Geranyl Isovalerate
• Geranyl Phenylacetate
• Ginger Oil and Oleoresin
• 1-Glutamic Acid
• 1-Glutamine
• Glycerol
• Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated
• Grape Juice Concentrate
• Guaiac Wood Oil
• Guaiacol
• Guar Gum
• 2,4-Heptadienal
• gamma-Heptalactone
• Heptanoic Acid
• 2-Heptanone
• 3-Hepten-2-One
• 2-Hepten-4-One
• 4-Heptenal
• trans -2-Heptenal
• Heptyl Acetate
• omega-6-Hexadecenlactone
• gamma-Hexalactone
• Hexanal
• Hexanoic Acid
• 2-Hexen-1-Ol
• 3-Hexen-1-Ol
• cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate
• 2-Hexenal
• 3-Hexenoic Acid
• trans-2-Hexenoic Acid
• cis-3-Hexenyl Formate
• Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate
• Hexyl Acetate
• Hexyl Alcohol
• Hexyl Phenylacetate
• 1-Histidine
• Honey
• Hops Oil
• Hydrolyzed Milk Solids
• Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins
• 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone
• 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone
• 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One
• 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone
• 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde
• 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone
• Hydroxycitronellal
• 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane
• 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone
• Hyssop Oil
• Immortelle Absolute and Extract
• alpha-Ionone
• beta-Ionone
• alpha-Irone
• Isoamyl Acetate
• Isoamyl Benzoate
• Isoamyl Butyrate
• Isoamyl Cinnamate
• Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate
• Isoamyl Isovalerate
• Isoamyl Octanoate
• Isoamyl Phenylacetate
• Isobornyl Acetate
• Isobutyl Acetate
• Isobutyl Alcohol
• Isobutyl Cinnamate
• Isobutyl Phenylacetate
• Isobutyl Salicylate
• 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine
• alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol
• Isobutyraldehyde
• Isobutyric Acid
• d,l-Isoleucine
• alpha-Isomethylionone
• 2-Isopropylphenol
• Isovaleric Acid
• Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil
• Kola Nut Extract
• Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin
• Lactic Acid
• Lauric Acid
• Lauric Aldehyde
• Lavandin Oil
• Lavender Oil
• Lemon Oil and Extract
• Lemongrass Oil
• 1-Leucine
• Levulinic Acid
• Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder
• Lime Oil
• Linalool
• Linalool Oxide
• Linalyl Acetate
• Linden Flowers
• Lovage Oil And Extract
• 1-Lysine]
• Mace Powder, Extract and Oil
• Magnesium Carbonate
• Malic Acid
• Malt and Malt Extract
• Maltodextrin
• Maltol
• Maltyl Isobutyrate
• Mandarin Oil
• Maple Syrup and Concentrate
• Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil
• para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One
• Menthol
• Menthone
• Menthyl Acetate
• dl-Methionine
• Methoprene
• 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol
• 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol
• para-Methoxybenzaldehyde
• 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One
• 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone
• 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone
• Methoxypyrazine
• Methyl 2-Furoate
• Methyl 2-Octynoate
• Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone
• Methyl Anisate
• Methyl Anthranilate
• Methyl Benzoate
• Methyl Cinnamate
• Methyl Dihydrojasmonate
• Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated
• Methyl Isovalerate
• Methyl Linoleate (48%)
• Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture
• Methyl Naphthyl Ketone
• Methyl Nicotinate
• Methyl Phenylacetate
• Methyl Salicylate
• Methyl Sulfide
• 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone
• 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone
• 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal
• 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde
• 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One
• 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde
• 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One
• 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene
• 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One
• 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde
• 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One
• 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol
• 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole
• Methyl-alpha-Ionone
• Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid
• 4-Methylacetophenone
• para-Methylanisole
• alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate
• alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol
• 2-Methylbutyraldehyde
• 3-Methylbutyraldehyde
• 2-Methylbutyric Acid
• alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde
• Methylcyclopentenolone
• 2-Methylheptanoic Acid
• 2-Methylhexanoic Acid
• 3-Methylpentanoic Acid
• 4-Methylpentanoic Acid
• 2-Methylpyrazine
• 5-Methylquinoxaline
• 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One
• (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers)
• 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde
• Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate
• 2-Methylvaleric Acid
• Mimosa Absolute and Extract
• Molasses Extract and Tincture
• Mountain Maple Solid Extract
• Mullein Flowers
• Myristaldehyde
• Myristic Acid
• Myrrh Oil
• beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether
• Nerol
• Neroli Bigarde Oil
• Nerolidol
• Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal
• 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol
• gamma-Nonalactone
• Nonanal
• Nonanoic Acid
• Nonanone
• trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol
• 2-Nonenal
• Nonyl Acetate
• Nutmeg Powder and Oil
• Oak Chips Extract and Oil
• Oak Moss Absolute
• 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%)
• delta-Octalactone
• gamma-Octalactone
• Octanal
• Octanoic Acid
• 1-Octanol
• 2-Octanone
• 3-Octen-2-One
• 1-Octen-3-Ol
• 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate
• 2-Octenal
• Octyl Isobutyrate
• Oleic Acid
• Olibanum Oil
• Opoponax Oil And Gum
• Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute
• Orange Oil and Extract
• Origanum Oil
• Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract
• Palmarosa Oil
• Palmitic Acid
• Parsley Seed Oil
• Patchouli Oil
• omega-Pentadecalactone
• 2,3-Pentanedione
• 2-Pentanone
• 4-Pentenoic Acid
• 2-Pentylpyridine
• Pepper Oil, Black And White
• Peppermint Oil
• Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil
• Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil
• alpha-Phellandrene
• 2-Phenenthyl Acetate
• Phenenthyl Alcohol
• Phenethyl Butyrate
• Phenethyl Cinnamate
• Phenethyl Isobutyrate
• Phenethyl Isovalerate
• Phenethyl Phenylacetate
• Phenethyl Salicylate
• 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol
• 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol
• 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal
• 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol
• 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One
• Phenylacetaldehyde
• Phenylacetic Acid
• 1-Phenylalanine
• 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde
• 3-Phenylpropionic Acid
• 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate
• 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate
• 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran
• Phosphoric Acid
• Pimenta Leaf Oil
• Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch
• Pineapple Juice Concentrate
• alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene
• D-Piperitone
• Piperonal
• Pipsissewa Leaf Extract
• Plum Juice
• Potassium Sorbate
• 1-Proline
• Propenylguaethol
• Propionic Acid
• Propyl Acetate
• Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate
• Propylene Glycol
• 3-Propylidenephthalide
• Prune Juice and Concentrate
• Pyridine
• Pyroligneous Acid And Extract
• Pyrrole
• Pyruvic Acid
• Raisin Juice Concentrate
• Rhodinol
• Rose Absolute and Oil
• Rosemary Oil
• Rum
• Rum Ether
• Rye Extract
• Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin
• Salicylaldehyde
• Sandalwood Oil, Yellow
• Sclareolide
• Skatole
• Smoke Flavor
• Snakeroot Oil
• Sodium Acetate
• Sodium Benzoate
• Sodium Bicarbonate
• Sodium Carbonate
• Sodium Chloride
• Sodium Citrate
• Sodium Hydroxide
• Solanone
• Spearmint Oil
• Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil
• Sucrose Octaacetate
• Sugar Alcohols
• Sugars
• Tagetes Oil
• Tannic Acid
• Tartaric Acid
• Tea Leaf and Absolute
• alpha-Terpineol
• Terpinolene
• Terpinyl Acetate
• 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline
• 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane
• 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone
• 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine
• Thiamine Hydrochloride
• Thiazole
• 1-Threonine
• Thyme Oil, White and Red
• Thymol
• Tobacco Extracts
• Tochopherols (mixed)
• Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract
• Tolualdehydes
• para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate
• para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde
• para-Tolyl Acetate
• para-Tolyl Isobutyrate
• para-Tolyl Phenylacetate
• Triacetin
• 2-Tridecanone
• 2-Tridecenal
• Triethyl Citrate
• 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol
• para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol
• 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One
• 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione
• 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan
• 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One
• 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone
• 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine
• 1-Tyrosine
• delta-Undercalactone
• gamma-Undecalactone
• Undecanal
• 2-Undecanone, 1
• 0-Undecenal
• Urea
• Valencene
• Valeraldehyde
• Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder
• Valeric Acid
• gamma-Valerolactone
• Valine
• Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin
• Vanillin
• Veratraldehyde
• Vetiver Oil
• Vinegar
• Violet Leaf Absolute
• Walnut Hull Extract
• Water
• Wheat Extract And Flour
• Wild Cherry Bark Extract
• Wine and Wine Sherry
• Xanthan Gum
• 3,4-Xylenol
• Yeast
•
Possible Risks Associated with "Passive" and with Smoking.
Alcohol Interaction
There are many diseases attributed to smoking by itself, however when coupled with alcohol, the risk of cancer, high blood pressure and other diseases increases dramatically. Together alcohol and tobacco do more damage to the body than either does on its own.
Allergies
Cigarette smoking is one of the causes of sinus disease due to the nasal inflammation that occurs when smoke enters into the nose, throat, and lung pathways. Any existing allergy that a smoker has may be further complicated as a result of smoking.
Arteriosclerosis
For most of us, when we were born, we were equipped with arteries that were smooth and fully opened. However, as we get older, plaque begins to build up in our arteries and restricts blood from flowing. Arteriosclerosis is when arteries become hardened with plaque. Smoking quickens this process. Once this happens, adequate amounts of blood, oxygen, and other nutrients are no longer able to reach the heart muscle and the individual may eventually suffer from a stroke or a heart attack.
Bladder Cancer
When you smoke, the chemicals contained in the cigarette smoke are eventually deposited in your urine which is then collected in your bladder. Bladder cancer can occur once these toxic substances are continually in contact with the bladder.
Bronchitis
The lungs are made of tubes called bronchi. Tiny hairs called cilia are located inside these tubes and are responsible for brushing mucus out of the airways. Nicotine prevents cilia from doing its job correctly, and as a result mucus gets trapped in the airways. Once the tars and chemicals settle in the airways the cilia eventually die. This causes smokers to have to cough in order to remove this mucus from the lungs. Continuous coughing causes the bronchi to become sore and will lead to bronchitis. Bronchitis is an inflammation or swelling of the breathing tubes inside your lungs. Bronchitis caused by smoking produces a cough that will never go away. Without treatment, bronchitis will seriously weaken your lungs.
Burns
Smoking not only does damage internally but it harms externally as well. Fires caused by smokers destroy wild life habitats and kills thousands of people each year.
Cardiomyopathy
According to pathologists cardiomyopathies are non-inflammatory diseases of heart muscle. It is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes extremely weak. There are many causes of this disease and smoking is one of them.
Cavities
Cigarette smoke wreaks havoc on your teeth and mouth. Accordingly, injuries that occur in the mouth take longer to heal in the presence of cigarette smoke.
Cerebral Perfusion Deficiencies
Nicotine's most significant effects are on the brain. Nicotine acts on the same brain cells that are normally acted on by a chemical called acetylcholine. In doing so, nicotine changes the way the brain processes information. The term cerebral perfusion deficiency means that the brain in not receiving an ample amount of blood. Cigarette smoke causes the blood vessels to become narrow and this impedes the proper flow of blood.
Child Abuse
You do not necessarily have to hit your child to abuse him/her. Smoking in the presence of a child could be considered abuse as well. Studies upon studies have proven that children who are exposed to second-hand smoke suffer a greater amount of complications due to asthma, bronchitis, and headaches. Accordingly, their risk of lung cancer also increases.
Circulatory Deficiencies
Just as cigarette smoke narrows the blood vessels circulating in the brain, it also does the same to all the vessels located throughout the entire body. Poor circulation becomes a major concern especially in the parts of the body located farthest from the heart, particularly the legs and fingers. This can eventually lead to loss of function or even gangrene.
Drug Interference
Many drugs and even vitamins are made less effective by the chemicals contained in cigarette smoke.
Emphysema
With time, the harmful substances in tobacco tars destroy the air sacs of the lungs. These air sacs are responsible for exchanging carbon dioxide gases for fresh air. Emphysema is the destruction of these air sacs. Once these air sacs are damaged it is impossible to get enough air to breathe, which gives the impression that you can never catch your breath. Unfortunately, damage that occurs as a result of emphysema is not irreversible.
Esophageal Cancer
The esophagus starts from the throat and extends to the stomach. Cigarette substances may cause cancer of the esophagus.
Gingivitis
Smoking worsens swelling and irritation of the gums.
Halitosis
Smoking causes bad breath that is difficult to remedy despite the use of mouthwashes and breath aids.
Headaches
When the brain is not receiving an ample amount of blood, or when there is less oxygen circulating in the blood, this will result in an increased number of headaches. Cigarette smoke causes both of these instances.
Heart Attacks
A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle is not receiving blood. This happens when nicotine narrows or blocks the arteries traveling to and from the heart muscle, thereby reducing its oxygen supply. Unfortunately many heart attack victims die before they reach the hospital.
Hypertension
The more one smokes, the faster plaque begins to build up in the arteries. Once this happens, adequate amounts of blood, oxygen, and other nutrients are no longer able to reach the heart muscle. The hardening of the arteries is what increases your blood pressure as does nicotine. Hypertension is usually the antecedent to a heart attack and stroke.
Infertility
Women: Cigarette smoking causes problems with the Fallopian tubes that pass eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; thereby making it more difficult for a woman to conceive.
Men: The dangerous chemicals in tobacco can cause damage to a man's sperm; thereby making it more difficult for a man to impregnate a woman.
Source: American Society of Reproductive Medicine
Influenza
Influenza is more inclined to effect smokers more so than nonsmokers because cigarette smoke weakens the lungs. Over 20,000 people die annually from the flu and flu related symptoms.
Kidney Cancer
The kidney is the organ responsible for removing waste from the body. In a healthy body, the kidneys filter waste and other impurities from the blood. In people with kidney disease, toxins that the kidneys normally eliminate in urine slowly build up in the body. The most commonly measured of these toxins are urea, a nitrogen waste product, and creatinine. The amount of toxins in the blood roughly indicates how well the kidneys are working. Cigarette smoke adds to the amount of toxins that are present in the body.
Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer is another name for cancer of the "voice box". This occurs when there is an uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in the vocal cords and surrounding tissues. When the voice box is exposed to the many cancer causing agents found in cigarette smoke, this increases one's chance of suffering from laryngeal cancer.
Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia is a disease that causes a precancerous lesion to develop on the tongue or the inside of the cheek as a response to chronic irritation. Chronic smoking or tobacco use causes this condition.
Lung Cancer
The more a person smokes the greater the risk of dying from cancer. As a matter of fact, heavy smokers are 24 times as likely to die of lung cancer than nonsmokers. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. According to the American Cancer Society, tobacco use accounts for 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States. Smoking is responsible for 90 percent of lung cancers in men and 70 percent in women.
Menopause
Most women reach menopause between their late 40's and early 50's. Women who smoke cigarettes tend to reach the age of menopause earlier. Cigarette smoke can also further complicate symptoms experienced during the time of menopause.
Oral Cancer
Oral cancer includes cancers of the mouth, tongue, cheek and lips. Tobacco in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco is the leading cause of all these deadly cancers.
Panreatic Cancer
The pancreas is the organ responsible for making insulin. Insulin is the hormone that controls blood sugar and digestive juices. The harmful substances contained in cigarettes easily pass through the pancreas by way of blood vessels. These substances increase one's risk of pancreatic cancer.
Premenstral Syndrome
Premenstral Syndrome (PMS) is a condition that many women experience 7-10 days before menstruation. It causes headaches, backaches, abdominal pain, and depression. Smoking can worsen PMS.
Radioactivity
Tobacco plants are exposed to radioactivity from the ground and the air. The radioactivity that is collected in these plants is eventually processed into cigarettes. When a person smokes, radioactivity goes deep into the lungs, where it may eventually cause lung cancer.
Stroke
Smoking cigarettes narrows arteries, increases blood pressure, and causes plaque build up in the arteries. All of these conditions can lead to a stroke. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is either blocked or it erupts. When this happens insufficient amounts of blood reach the brain. Strokes can be very fatal and many cause paralysis to one side of the body.
Ulcers
Nicotine contained in cigarettes causes the stomach to produce extra acid. Excessive amounts of acid promote the development of ulcers in the stomach lining. Smoking can also prevent existing ulcers from healing.
Wrinkles
Substances contained in cigarettes age the skin and cause it to dry out, thereby promoting wrinkles. People who smoke cigarettes tend to look older than nonsmokers in their age group.
Prevention of hazards.
1/ All persons in the vacinity of the cigarette to be issued with breathing apparatus supplied by the club who allow the hazard to continue.
2/ A completely segregated area where it is strictly for smokers only
3/ A complete ban on Smoking.
Due to health and safety laws it would not be reasonably practicable for a club with the turnover the size of Southend United to issue all persons with breathing apparatus and/or appropiate filter masks.
Conclusion
The only possible ways to eliminate all risk is a complete ban on smoking.
